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  The Fluvial Imagination: On Lesotho’s Water-Export Economy

  Colin Hoag

  Landlocked and surrounded by South Africa on all sides, the mountain kingdom of Lesotho became the world’s first “water-exporting country” when it signed a 1986 treaty with its powerful neighbor. An elaborate network of dams and tunnels now carries water to Johannesburg, the subcontinent’s water-stressed economic epicenter. Hopes that proceeds from water sales could improve Lesotho’s fortunes, however, have clashed with fears that soil erosion from overgrazing livestock could fill its reservoirs with sediment. In this wide-ranging and deeply researched book, Colin Hoag shows how producing water commodities incites a fluvial imagination: a sense for how water flows. As we enter our planet’s water-export era, Lesotho exposes the possibilities and perils ahead.

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  Formulas for Motherhood in a Chinese Hospital

  Suzanne Z. Gottschang

  What happens to pregnant women when the largest country in the world implements a global health policy aimed at reorganizing hospitals and re- training health care workers to promote breastfeeding? Since 1992, the Chinese government has led the world in reorganizing more than 7,000 hospitals into "Baby- Friendly" hospitals. The initiative's goal, overseen by UNICEF and the World Health Organization, is to promote the practice of breastfeeding by reorganizing hospital routines, spaces, and knowledge in maternity wards and obstetrics clinics. At the same time, China's hospitals in the mid- 1990s operated as sites where the effects of economic reform and capitalism increasingly blurred the boundaries between state imperatives to produce healthy future citizens and the flexibility accorded individuals through their participation in an emerging consumer culture.
  
  Formulas for Motherhood follows a group of women over eighteen months as they visited a Beijing Baby- Friendly Hospital over the course of their pregnancies and throughout their postpartum recoveries. The book shows how the space of the hospital operates as a microcosm of the larger social, political, and economic forces that urban Chinese women navigate in the process of becoming a mother. Relations between biomedical practices, heightened expectations of femininity and sexuality demanded by a consumer culture, alongside international and national agendas to promote maternal and child health, reveal new agents of maternal governance emerging at the very moment China's economy heats up. This ethnography provides insight into how women's creative pragmatism in a rapidly changing society leads to their views and decisions about motherhood.

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  Abundant Exotics and Cavalier Crafting: Obsidian Use and Emerging Complexity in the Northern Lake Titicaca Basin

  Elizabeth A. Klarich, Abigail Levine, and Carol Schultze

  Book Abstract:

  Using case studies from around the globe—including Mesoamerica, North and South America, Africa, China, and the Greco-Roman world—and across multiple time periods, the authors in this volume make the case that abundance provides an essential explanatory perspective on ancient peoples’ choices and activities. Economists frequently focus on scarcity as a driving principle in the development of social and economic hierarchies, yet focusing on plenitude enables the understanding of a range of cohesive behaviors that were equally important for the development of social complexity.

  Our earliest human ancestors were highly mobile hunter-gatherers who sought out places that provided ample food, water, and raw materials. Over time, humans accumulated and displayed an increasing quantity and variety of goods. In households, shrines, tombs, caches, and dumps, archaeologists have discovered large masses of materials that were deliberately gathered, curated, distributed, and discarded by ancient peoples. The volume’s authors draw upon new economic theories to consider the social, ideological, and political implications of human engagement with abundant quantities of resources and physical objects and consider how individual and household engagements with material culture were conditioned by the quest for abundance.

  Abundance shows that the human propensity for mass consumption is not just the result of modern production capacities but fulfills a longstanding focus on plenitude as both the assurance of well-being and a buffer against uncertainty. This book will be of great interest to scholars and students in economics, anthropology, and cultural studies.

  Contributors: Traci Ardren, Amy Bogaard, Elizabeth Klarich, Abigail Levine, Christopher R. Moore, Tito E. Naranjo, Stacey Pierson, James M. Potter, François G. Richard, Christopher W. Schmidt, Carol Schultze, Payson Sheets, Monica L. Smith, Katheryn C. Twiss, Mark D. Varien, Justin St. P. Walsh, María Nieves Zedeño Source: Publisher

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  The Work of Nursing in Chinese Hospital

  Suzanne Z. Gottschang

  Chapter abstract:

  This chapter considers how nurses, as professionals and female citizens in urban China, negotiate the imperatives of health policies and laws within the spaces of the hospital. I first present a detailed examination of how one nurse maneuvered around laws prohibiting the sale and promotion of infant formula in a Beijing hospital in 1994 to assist her patients according to her own understanding of their needs. This case illustrates how micro-level factors, such as local, pragmatic decisions about the uses of institutionalized spaces, and the individual experiences embedded in a life history, affect one nurse’s professional practices. Nurse Bai’s memories of the positive impact of socialist ideologies conflict with the realities of the post-Maoist market economy, and the strategies she adopts to adjust her personal perceptions of her patients’ health requirements with new laws and policies provide insight into how legal and policy implementation are negotiated at the level of the individual professional. I then examine more recent changes in laws related to nursing and medical liability to further illustrate that hospital emergency and operating rooms form new spaces where micro-level practices, such as record keeping and sterilization procedures, are shaping contemporary ideals of the nursing profession. My aim is to show how the contradictions and tensions brought about by economic reform and China’s increasingly internationalized economy are managed, resisted, and even transformed by China’s professionals in their use and control of spaces associated with the practice of their profession. Time as it is measured in individual life histories of professionals and legal and policy changes since 1949 illustrates the dynamic nature of professions like nursing in China and provides understanding that these processes are not “objectively given relations which look the same from every angle of vision” (see Appadurai 1990: 296).