Valid Plane Trees: Combinatorial Models for RNA Secondary Structures With Watson-Crick Base Pairs

Authors

Francis Black, Smith College
Elizabeth Drellich, University of North Texas
Julianna Tymoczko, Smith CollegeFollow

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

2017

Publication Title

SIAM Discrete Math

Abstract

. The combinatorics of RNA plays a central role in biology. Mathematical biologists have several commonly used models for RNA: words in a fixed alphabet (representing the primary sequence of nucleotides) and plane trees (representing the secondary structure, or folding of the RNA sequence). This paper considers an augmented version of the standard model of plane trees, specifically one that incorporates some observed constraints on how the folding can occur. In particular we assume the alphabet consists of complementary pairs, for instance the Watson–Crick pairs A-U and C-G of RNA. Given a word in the alphabet, a valid plane tree is a tree for which, when the word is folded around the tree, each edge matches two complementary letters. Consider the graph whose vertices are valid plane trees for a fixed word and whose edges are given by Condon, Heitsch, and Hoos’s local moves (see [C. E. Heitsch, Combinatorics on Plane Trees, Motivated by RNA Secondary Structure Configurations, preprint, Genome Center of Wisconsin and Department of Mathematics, University of Wisconsin–Madison]). We prove that this graph is connected. We give an explicit algorithm to construct a valid plane tree from a primary sequence, assuming that at least one valid plane tree exists. The tree produced by our algorithm has other useful characterizations, including a uniqueness condition defined by local moves. We also study enumerative properties of valid plane trees, analyzing how the number of valid plane trees depends on the choice of sequence length and alphabet size. Finally, we show that the proportion of words with at least one valid plane tree goes to zero as the word size increases. We also present some open questions.

Keywords

plane trees, noncrossing matchings, RNA folding

Volume

31

Issue

4

First Page

2586

Last Page

2602

DOI

doi.org/10.1137/15M1008841

Rights

© 2017 Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics

Comments

Archived as published.

Recommended Citation

Black, Francis; Drellich, Elizabeth; and Tymoczko, Julianna, "Valid Plane Trees: Combinatorial Models for RNA Secondary Structures With Watson-Crick Base Pairs" (2017). Mathematics Sciences: Faculty Publications, Smith College, Northampton, MA.
https://scholarworks.smith.edu/mth_facpubs/42